THE OKLAHOMA BAR JOURNAL 24 | OCTOBER 2025 Statements or opinions expressed in the Oklahoma Bar Journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Oklahoma Bar Association, its officers, Board of Governors, Board of Editors or staff. 86. Supra note 81. 87. Azar and Sebelius, supra note 4. 88. Supra note 81. 89. Id. 90. Supra note 79. 91. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Svcs., “I-765, Application for Employment Authorization,” www.uscis.gov/i-765 (last visited Nov. 3, 2024). 92. Id. 93. U.S. Dept. of State, Visa Bulletin May 2023, https://bit.ly/3Ieo3KH (last visited Nov. 3, 2024). 94. K. Hooper, “How a green card freeze will exacerbate the nursing crisis,” Politico (2023), https://bit.ly/4m83xJF (last visited Nov. 3, 2024). 95. Id. 96. M. Arrojas, “International Nurses Could Help Shortage but are Blocked from Entering the U.S. A New Proposal Could Help,” NurseJournal (2023), https://bit.ly/3VKs2Sg (last visited Nov. 3, 2024). 97. Azar and Sebelius, supra note 4. 98. J. Egan, “Immigration Restriction Cuts Nurse Supply,” SHRM website (2023), https://bit.ly/41LaNnt (last visited Nov. 3, 2024). 99. E. Trovall, “Amid shortage, nurses abroad wait longer for visas,” Marketplace website (2024), https://bit.ly/3VDHHCX (last visited Nov. 3, 2024). 100. Arrojas, supra note 97. 101. “Nursing is STEM: Growth and Diversification of the Professional Nursing Workforce,” Nursing is STEM Coalition website, www.nursingisstem.org (last visited Nov. 3, 2024). 102. Id.; C. Dreisbach, et al., “Nursing science as a federally-recognized STEM degree: A call to action for the United States with global implications,” Int’l J. of Nursing Stud. Advances, Vol. 4, December 2022, https://bit.ly/3KcpwBO (last visited Nov. 3, 2024); Amer. Nurses Assoc. letter to Sec. of Homeland Security, Sept. 3, 2024, https://bit.ly/467QRfP (last visited Nov. 3, 2024). The DHS regularly reviews nominations for STEM additions submitted by interested parties, including members of the public. 103. Supra note 102. 104. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Svcs., “Employment Authorization in Compelling Circumstances,” https://bit.ly/46dO9FA (last visited Nov. 3, 2024). 105. Id. 106. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Svcs., Policy Manual, Ch. 3, “Certain EmploymentBased Immigrants in Compelling Circumstances,” https://bit.ly/4n3g8PO (last visited Nov. 3, 2024). 107. Supra note 105. 108. Supra note 107. 109. Supra note 105. 110. U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security, “Advisory Memorandum on Ensuring Essential Critical Infrastructure Workers’ Ability to Work During the Covid-19 Response,” Aug. 10, 2021, https://bit.ly/4mRYz4N (last visited Nov. 3, 2024). In 2021, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, USCIS implemented an option to expedite EADs for health care workers who had a Form I-765 pending for more than 90 days as part of the green card process. This measure was helpful until the DOS announced the retrogression of the EB3 category. 111. Healthcare Workforce Resilience Act (HWRA) of 2023, H.R. 6205, 118th Cong. The bill was co-sponsored by eight House Republicans, six Democrats and one Independent. The HWRA was reintroduced in Congress in September 2025. 112. Id. 113. Azar and Sebelius, supra note 4. According to the Congressional Research Service, as of 2021, there were approximately 220,000 unused employment-based visas available for recapture. 114. Id. 115. Supra note 112. 116. Arrojas, supra note 97. 117. RELIEF Act of 2021, S. 3721, 117th Cong.
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