APRIL 2025 | 23 THE OKLAHOMA BAR JOURNAL Statements or opinions expressed in the Oklahoma Bar Journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Oklahoma Bar Association, its officers, Board of Governors, Board of Editors or staff. ENDNOTES 1. For present purposes, let us set aside the other side of the state actor doctrine recognized in Lindke v. Freed: whether a state official acted in an official capacity or as a private citizen. 601 U.S. 187, 196 (2024). 2. Flagg Bros. v. Brooks, 436 U.S. 149, 156 (1978) (noting that “most rights secured by the Constitution are protected only against infringement by governments.”). 3. Lindke, 601 U.S. at 196; Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 937 (1982); Brentwood Acad. v. Tennessee Secondary Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 531 U.S. 288, 295 (2001) (“[W]e say that state action may be found if, though only if, there is such a ‘close nexus between the State and the challenged action’ that seemingly private behavior ‘may be fairly treated as that of the State itself.’”). 4. Brentwood Acad., 531 U.S. at 295-96. 5. Marsh v. State of Ala., 326 U.S. 501 (1946). 6. Jackson v. Metro. Edison Co., 419 U.S. 345 (1974). 7. Burton v. Wilmington Parking Auth., 365 U.S. 715 (1961). 8. Lugar, 457 U.S. at 941. 9. Id. 10. Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991 (1982). 11. Peterson v. City of Greenville, S. C., 373 U.S. 244 (1963). 12. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948). 13. See, e.g., Missouri v. Biden, 22-CV-1213 (W.D. La 2022). 14. Brentwood Acad., 531 U.S. 288. 15. David French, New York Times, “Oklahoma Breaches the Wall Between Church and State,” (June 8, 2023) (“While they tend to operate separately from local public school districts (and often have private management), they’re creations of state law, highly regulated and publicly funded.”). 16. Caviness v. Horizon Cmty. Learning Ctr., Inc., 590 F.3d 806, 814 (9th Cir. 2010). 17. Rendell-Baker v. Kohn, 457 U.S. 830 (1982). 18. Caviness, 590 F.3d 806. 19. Peltier v. Charter Day Sch., Inc., 37 F. 4th 104 (4th Cir. 2022), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 2657 (2023). 20. Rendell-Baker, 457 U.S. at 841. 21. Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer, 582 U.S. 449 (2017). 22. Espinoza v. Montana Dep’t of Revenue, 591 U.S. 464 (2020). 23. Carson as next friend of O. C. v. Makin, 596 U.S. 767 (2022). 24. Bucklew v. Precythe, 587 U.S. 119, 138 (2019). 25. Drummond ex rel. State v. Oklahoma Statewide Virtual Charter Sch. Bd., 2024 OK 53, ¶¶4-8. 26. Id. ¶9. 27. Id. ¶45. 28. Id. ¶30 (“The provision of education may not be a traditionally exclusive public function, but the Oklahoma Constitutional provision for free public education is exclusively a public function.”). 29. Rendell-Baker, 457 U.S. 830 at 842. 30. Lugar, 457 U.S. at 941. 31. Id. ourts &More The Oklahoma Bar Journal C DELIVERED TO YOUR INBOX EVERY WEDNESDAY! The Oklahoma Bar Association’s digital court issue, Courts & More, highlights Oklahoma appellate court information and news for the legal profession. READ IT ONLINE NOW AT WWW.OKCOURTSANDMORE.ORG
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy OTk3MQ==